El desarrollo de cualquier actividad genera riesgos. Por ejemplo, quien conduce un carro asume la posibilidad de un choque. Así también sucede en el desempeño de cualquier empleo. Pues, el trabajo es una actividad que significa peligros y desgaste para quién lo desarrolla. Para citar un caso, imaginemos el deterioro de las articulaciones de un operario que realiza el mismo movimiento durante un lapso prolongado.
En este contexto, hace un tiempo, esas contingencias eran asumidas directamente por el empleador. Sin embargo, esos compromisos resultaban muy onerosos. Por lo que esa responsabilidad fue entregada a terceros. Ya sea la EPS o la Administradora de Riesgos Laborales (ARL).
Peligros amparados por la ARL
A modo de respuesta rápida, la ARL ampara, exclusivamente, dos riesgos: la enfermedad de origen laboral y el accidente de trabajo.
Asimismo, es importante resaltar que el sistema de riesgos laborales no se limita a responder económicamente por los daños generados a causa de una enfermedad o un accidente de trabajo. Pues, su objetivo, antes que eso, es prevenir y proteger a los empleados de estos infortunios.
¿La ARL asume riesgos objetivos o subjetivos?
Ya vimos cómo existen riesgos en el trabajo que pueden concretarse. Ahora estudiaremos si tiene relevancia el actuar del empleador y de la ARL en la asunción de estos peligros. Dependiendo de esta intervención calificaremos ciertas situaciones como subjetivas u objetivas.
Es importante empezar por referirse, más que a riesgo, a responsabilidad. Pues, los riesgos son, sencillamente, posibilidades. De otra parte, la responsabilidad es el deber que un sujeto asume ante la materialización de un riesgo.
Por lo que, en este caso, es adecuado decir responsabilidad en vez de riesgo. Ya que, insistimos, aludimos a las obligaciones en cabeza de una persona por la concreción de un riesgo.
Responsabilidad Subjetiva
Como presupuesto para entender la responsabilidad objetiva, es necesario comprender la noción de responsabilidad subjetiva. Pues, sin esta diferenciación se hace inviable la aprehensión del primer concepto.
En responsabilidad civil, a grandes rasgos, se habla de un daño generado por la acción de un tercero. La conexión entre la afectación y el responsable se conoce como nexo causal. Es decir, por la negligencia de alguien se le causan perjuicios a otra persona. Esta negligencia se conoce normalmente como culpa.
Por regla general, para que haya lugar al pago de una indemnización, la culpa debe mediar. Es aquí cuando hablamos de una responsabilidad subjetiva. Como quiera que el daño tiene origen en una negligencia. Por tanto, quien no haya cumplido con los deberes impuestos tendrá que responder. Lo que en otras palabras significa que el comportamiento importa.
Responsabilidad objetiva
Sin embargo, en la responsabilidad objetiva no es relevante las acciones del tercero. Éste, responderá sin consideración al cuidado que haya tenido. Pues bien, el sistema de riegos laborales se enmarca en este postulado. Por ejemplo, si existe un accidente de trabajo, no se observa si las medidas de protección se implementaron. Este análisis pasa a un segundo plano y la ARL, simple y sencillamente, responde.
Comentario final
Sin perjuicio de lo anterior, la responsabilidad subjetiva sí importa cuando hablamos de culpa patronal. Allí sí se mira el comportamiento del empleador para imponer la condena que sea del caso. No obstante, es un tema distinto al del presente artículo.
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