Opinión
Existen imaginarios colectivos que la sociedad da como verdades irrefutables. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de los casos son premisas heredadas que, sin ser analizadas, se anidan en la mente de las personas.
Aunque la afirmación sea políticamente incorrecta, la conveniencia del salario mínimo, como cualquier otro concepto, puede ser puesta en tela de juicio.
Prejuicios
La razón fundamental para defender la imposición del salario mínimo parte de una premisa que no necesariamente es cierta. Para muchos esta fijación tiene fundamento en la ambición del empresario. De acuerdo con esta percepción, si no se establecen límites, el empleador aprovechará su posición para conceder sueldos excesivamente bajos.
No obstante, quienes piensan así olvidan que las empresas buscan la mayor rentabilidad. Por tanto, para generarla, requieren eficiencia en la planta de personal. Por lo que, de no ofrecer sueldos acordes con los otorgados en el mercado, perderán a los mejores empleados.
Naturaleza del salario
El salario es, simplemente, la retribución por los servicios prestados. Por consiguiente, el sueldo refleja la capacidad productiva de una persona. Es la representación monetaria del trabajo.
Por ejemplo, si un vendedor tiene la habilidad de convencer a muchos para adquirir sus productos, su tiempo representa una cantidad alta de dinero. Por el contrario, si otro vendedor no consigue clientes, aunque dedique el mismo tiempo que el primero, su labor no puede representar dinerariamente lo mismo.
Informalidad
En la práctica, el salario mínimo significa la fijación de un valor. Es decir, el gobierno dispone que nadie puede ganar menos de cierto monto por determinada cantidad de trabajo.
Ahora bien, la realidad no puede ser modificada mediante la ley. En ese orden de ideas, quienes consiguen resultados inferiores, monetariamente hablando, al salario mínimo, son excluidos del mercado laboral.
En consecuencia, el salario mínimo conduce a la informalidad. Muestra de ello es el alto índice de trabajadores informales en Colombia. De acuerdo con el DANE la informalidad a marzo de 2021 ascendió al 47.8% en las 13 ciudades y áreas metropolitanas del país.
Hueco fiscal
Es sistema de seguridad social se financia, en gran medida, por los aportes laborales. Luego, la informalidad conlleva a un grave perjuicio. Ya que no todos los trabajadores aportan. En la práctica, el gobierno se ve obligado a tapar ese déficit con más impuestos.
La única forma para que la salud y las pensiones se vean revitalizadas es que un número mayor de empleados entregue lo que corresponde. Para la consecución de ese objetivo, las barreras de entrada a la formalidad deben ser eliminadas.
Casos de éxito
Sin confrontar estas ideas con la experiencia, el presente texto constituye una opinión irresponsable. Por eso, resulta imprescindible comentar que algunos países no imponen el salario mínimo.
Un caso a resaltar es Finlandia. País que a 2020 no tenía una fijación estatal respecto del salario. Razón por la cual, si busca a cuánto asciende el sueldo mínimo en esa nación, encontrará referencias al salario medio, pero, no una estipulación del salario mínimo.
Conclusión
La libertad de pactar el salario no significa injusticia. En los países en los que se da esta prerrogativa, la calidad de vida resulta ser más alta que en las naciones en las que el estado interviene.
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